(or transitory), (6) mysterious, (7) eschatological, and (8) meaningless. He defines them succinctly: The retributive solution underlies the orthodox position of the Bible. The disciplinary and revelational views are closely related and stem from the basic beliefs which underlie faith in an ethical deity. The probationary solution includes the ideas of refining and testing, often in themselves closely allied (Jer. 6:27–29; 9:6; Isa. 48:10; Zech. 13:9; Job 23:10; Ps. 66:10), and formed a part of orthodox